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德國(guó)力士樂REXROTH柱塞泵工作原理、故障判斷及部分型號(hào)解疑

力士樂變量柱塞泵工作原理：

變量柱塞泵的壓力油經(jīng)泵體、泵殼變量殼體中的通油孔通過單向閥進(jìn)入變 量殼體的下腔，當(dāng)拉桿向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，推動(dòng)伺服活塞向下移動(dòng)，伺服閥的上閥口打開，變量殼體下腔的壓力油經(jīng)變量活塞中的通油孔進(jìn)入變量殼體上腔，由于上腔面積 大于下腔，液壓力推動(dòng)活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，帶動(dòng)銷軸使變量頭繞鋼球中心旋轉(zhuǎn)，改變變量頭的傾斜角（增大），柱塞泵的流量隨之增大。反之拉桿向上運(yùn)動(dòng)，變量頭的傾 斜角向相反方向變化，泵的流量也隨之變化。當(dāng)傾斜角度變至零以后，則變量頭向負(fù)偏角方向變化，液流產(chǎn)生換向，泵的進(jìn)出油口變換。

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力士樂變量柱塞泵常見故障：

1．液壓泵輸出流量不足或不輸出油液
（1）吸入量不足。原因是吸油管路上的阻力過大或補(bǔ)油量不足。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)速過大，油箱中液面過低，進(jìn)油管漏氣，濾油器堵塞等。 　　
（2）泄漏量過大。原因是泵的間隙過大，密封不良造成。如配油盤被金屬碎片、鐵屑等劃傷，端面漏油；變量機(jī)構(gòu)中的單向閥密封面配合不好，泵體和配油盤的支承面有砂眼或研痕等。可以通過檢查泵體內(nèi)液壓油中混雜的異物判別泵被損壞的部位。 　　
（3）傾斜盤傾角太小，泵的排量少，這需要調(diào)節(jié)變量活塞，增加斜盤傾角。
2．中位時(shí)排油量不為零
變量式軸向柱塞泵的斜盤傾角為零時(shí)稱為中位，此時(shí)泵的輸出流量應(yīng)為零。但有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)中位偏離調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)中點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)象，在中點(diǎn)時(shí)仍有流量輸出。其原因是控制器的位置偏離、松動(dòng)或損傷，需要重新調(diào)零、緊固或更換。泵的角度維持力不夠、傾斜角耳軸磨損也會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。
3．輸出流量波動(dòng)
輸 出流量波動(dòng)與很多因素有關(guān)。對(duì)變量泵可以認(rèn)為是變量機(jī)構(gòu)的控制不佳造成，如異物進(jìn)入變量機(jī)構(gòu)，在控制活塞上劃出階痕、磨痕、傷痕等，造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn) 定。由于放大器能量不足或零件損壞、含有彈簧的控制活塞的阻尼器效能差，都會(huì)造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定。流量不穩(wěn)定又往往伴隨著壓力波動(dòng)。這類故障一般要拆 開液壓泵，更換受損零部件，加大阻尼，提高彈簧剛度和控制壓力等。
4．輸出壓力異常
泵的輸出壓力是由負(fù)載決定的，與輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩近似成正比。輸出壓力異常有兩種故障。 　　
（1）輸出壓力過低 　　
當(dāng) 泵在自吸狀態(tài)下，若進(jìn)油管路漏氣或系統(tǒng)中液壓缸、單向閥、換向閥等有較大的泄漏，均會(huì)使壓力升不上去。這需要找出漏氣處，緊固、更換密封件，即可提高壓 力。溢流閥有故障或調(diào)整壓力低，系統(tǒng)壓力也上不去，應(yīng)重新調(diào)整壓力或檢修溢流閥。如果液壓泵的缸體與配流盤產(chǎn)生偏差造成大量泄漏，嚴(yán)重時(shí)，缸體可能破裂， 則應(yīng)重新研磨配合面或更換液壓泵。 　　
（2）輸出壓力過高 　　
若回路負(fù)載持續(xù)上升，泵的壓力也持續(xù)上升，當(dāng)屬正常。若負(fù)載一定，泵的壓力超過負(fù)載所需壓力值，則應(yīng)檢查泵以外的液壓元件，如方向閥、壓力閥、傳動(dòng)裝置和回油管道。若zui大壓力過高，應(yīng)調(diào)整溢流閥。
5．振動(dòng)和噪聲
振動(dòng)和噪聲是同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的。它們不僅對(duì)機(jī)器的操作者造成危害，也對(duì)環(huán)境造成污染。 　　
（1）機(jī)械振動(dòng)和噪聲 　　
如泵軸和電機(jī)軸不同心或頂死，旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的軸承、聯(lián)軸節(jié)損傷，彈性墊破損和裝配螺栓松動(dòng)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。對(duì)于高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)或傳輸大能量的泵，要定期檢查，記錄各部件的振幅、頻率和噪聲。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)頻率與壓力閥的固有頻率相同時(shí)，將會(huì)引起共振，可改變泵的轉(zhuǎn)速以消除共振。 　　
（2）管道內(nèi)液流產(chǎn)生的噪聲 　　
進(jìn)油管道太細(xì)、進(jìn)油濾油器通流能力過小或堵塞、進(jìn)油管吸入空氣、油液豁度過高、油面過低吸油不足和高壓管道中產(chǎn)生液擊等，均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。因此，必須正確設(shè)計(jì)油箱，正確選擇濾油器、油管和方向閥。
6．液壓泵過熱
液 壓泵過度發(fā)熱有兩個(gè)原因，一是機(jī)械摩擦生熱。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)表面處于干摩擦或半干摩擦狀態(tài)，運(yùn)動(dòng)部件相互摩擦生熱。二是液體摩擦生熱。高壓油通過各種縫隙泄漏到 低壓腔，大量的液壓能損失轉(zhuǎn)為熱能。所以正確選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的間隙、油箱容積和冷卻器，可以杜絕泵的過度發(fā)熱和油溫過高的現(xiàn)象。另外，回油過濾器堵塞造 成回油背壓過高，也會(huì)引起油溫過高和泵體過熱。
7．漏油
柱塞泵漏油主要有以下原因：
（1）主軸油封損壞或軸有缺陷、劃痕；
（2）內(nèi)部泄漏過大，造成油封處壓力增大，而將油封損傷或沖出；
（3）泄油管過細(xì)過長(zhǎng)，使密封處漏油；
（4）泵的外接油管松動(dòng)，管接頭損傷，密封墊老化或產(chǎn)生裂紋；
（5）變量調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)螺栓松動(dòng)，密封破損；
（6）鑄鐵泵殼有砂眼或焊接不良。

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上海森層機(jī)械設(shè)備有限公司（上海弘巨實(shí)業(yè)發(fā)展有限公司）成立于2007年，坐落于上海寶山經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)，專業(yè)從事進(jìn)口電子氣動(dòng)液壓產(chǎn)品研發(fā)和銷售。擁有較強(qiáng)的技術(shù)實(shí)力和一批資產(chǎn)、優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品和的銷售團(tuán)隊(duì)。我們每天都在實(shí)踐“客戶至上、 追求品質(zhì)、正直誠(chéng)信、尊重個(gè)人、持續(xù)改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新改造”的企業(yè)價(jià)值觀。